The new program, called In The Moment, is being led by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the innovation arm of the military. Its goal is to let an AI program make the difficult decisions that military strategists are forced to grapple with regularly. (Related: US military experimenting with artificial intelligence that can predict the future.)
DARPA wants In The Moment to make quick decisions during stressful situations using algorithms and data. The proponents of the AI program believe removing human biases may save lives.
In the hypothetical situations that DARPA believes In The Moment would be applicable for use, military commanders might be in disagreement over what to do. One scenario includes deciding who gets priority care following a mass casualty event like a terrorist attack.
"Two seasoned military leaders facing the same scenario on the battlefield, for example, may make different tactical decisions when faced with difficult options," wrote DARPA in a press release. "As AI systems become more advanced in teaming with humans, building appropriate human trust in the AI's abilities to make sound decisions is vital."
DARPA explained it is imperative that the In The Moment program understands the key characteristics of expert human decision-making for it to properly represent an algorithm for the AI program and be trusted to make good decisions.
During the development of the In The Moment, DARPA also wants to develop decision-maker characterization techniques and create a quantitative alignment score between an algorithm and a human decision-maker.
"We're going to collect the decisions, the responses from each of those decision-makers and present those in a blinded fashion to multiple triage professionals," said program manager Matt Turek. "Those triage professionals won't know whether the response comes from an aligned algorithm or a baseline algorithm or from a human."
Questions remain about whether AI should be given power over life and death
The In The Moment program is still in its early stages of development. But the program's creation comes as many other countries are figuring out how to use modern technology like artificial intelligence to update antiquated military systems, such as the centuries-old system of military triage that is prone to human error.
But ethicists and AI experts are concerned about leaving such life or death decisions in the hands of a machine program, and they wonder if AI should be involved in these kinds of situations.
"AI is great at counting things," said Sally Applin, an anthropologist, researcher and expert on the intersection between algorithms, AI and ethics. "But I think it could set a precedent by which the decision for someone's life is put in the hands of a machine."
Other ethicists are concerned about how the In The Moment program would function. In the case of a program that solves triage questions, they are concerned over how the program would choose which soldiers get prioritized for care over others, and who would be to blame if somebody who could have been saved died anyway.
Peter Asaro, a philosopher specializing in robotics and artificial intelligence at The New School, commented that military officials will need to decide how much responsibility to give to an algorithm that makes decisions about triage. It must also figure out how to deal with ethical situations – such as about who gets priority care.
"That's a values call," said Asaro. "That's something you can tell the machine to prioritize in certain ways, but the machine isn't gonna figure that out."
Applin also called for additional tests to be made to make sure DARPA's new program does not perpetuate biased decision-making processes in its algorithm that could, for example, decide that White patients should be prioritized for healthcare decisions over Black ones.
"We know there's bias in AI. We know that programmers can't foresee every situation. We know that AI is not social. We know that AI is not cultural," said Applin. "It can't think about this stuff" but people might unconsciously make these decisions for the program when developing its algorithm.
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