Stomata play a vital role in the water balance of plants
Stomata are tiny openings on the plant’s surface tissue which help plants respire. Plants take in carbon dioxide, which is incorporated into carbohydrates, then breathe out oxygen – all through the stomata. In addition to respiration, stomata also play a vital role in regulating water balance. When the air is too hot or too dry, these pores close to conserve water.
In their study, the researchers reviewed currently known signaling pathways that plants use to regulate water balance. They painted a picture of the evolutionary history of significant genes that control the movement of stomata in flowering plants. During their review, they found that most genes were classified under older gene families that developed even before the first plants grew on earth. Upon closer investigation, they also found that the genes that control stomata movement can only be found in flowering plants and seeds.
The researchers also studied the function of guard cells – two cells that surround a leaf pore – and the mechanism behind their movement. They found that the hydraulic pressure in the guard cells affects the movement of stomata. An increase in hydraulic pressure in the guard cells opens the stomata. Conversely, the stomata close when there is a decrease in pressure in the guard cells. Guard cells in flowering plants also contain an abundance of signaling genes. Not much is known about the mechanism of these signaling genes, but experts believe that these genes are linked to the movement of stomata.
The researchers then used available data for the moss Physcomitrella patens to compare related genes. They discovered that the moss did not have a specific gene for stomatal bearing tissue.
“We found out that none of the moss genes of interest were specific for stomatal-bearing tissue, but instead all these genes were also expressed in tissues without these pores,” explained JMU's Frances Sussmilch, the lead author of the study.
Co-authors Rob Roelfsema and Jorg Schultz added that “signaling genes with specific roles in guard cells probably arose later in plant evolution after the divergence of mosses from an ancestor they share with flowering plants.”
Rainer Hedrich, another co-author of the study, believes that the study has great relevance in the future of agriculture.
“Knowledge about the evolution of these [signaling] pathways could feed into breeding efforts to develop crops that can grow with less water,” he said. (Related: Sulfate can help make plants drought-resistance, study says.)
More about a plant's stomata
Many plants have numerous stomata on the underside of their leaves. These are placed strategically to reduce exposure to heat and air current. Aquatic plants, however, have stomata on the upper side of the leaf. A stoma – the singular form of stomata – is surrounded by two types of specialized cells: guard cells and subsidiary cells.
Guard cells are half-moon shaped cells that surround the stoma. These guard cells control the opening or closing of the stomatal pores. Subsidiary cells, on the other hand, surround the guard cells and protect epidermal cells from guard cell expansion. Guard cells expand as a reaction to environmental factors such as light, carbon dioxide, and other environmental changes. When the air is humid, the stomata expand. Conversely, when the air gets too dry or windy, the stomata close up, protecting the plant from losing too much moisture.
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